tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73494938532873615442024-02-20T17:59:23.040+01:00Beaujois Beaugeois Bosua Bozuwa BozuaRuud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-83182041323751465422012-11-02T00:12:00.001+01:002012-12-16T19:20:17.755+01:00(9) The VOC period II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWppWB4ScdTmOWpPH9f6lpyw9T51wdER0F-TUDp_-cakQVVL9JDtkA9jqR5YU6Nq35W-b2BSwYsJ6UbroiUkaICVu3Rz9xkclPn9gCpSbktlplOiLgKtHcvrhtc-FWmZ26UMXbptiwsK8/s1600/311px-VOC_duit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWppWB4ScdTmOWpPH9f6lpyw9T51wdER0F-TUDp_-cakQVVL9JDtkA9jqR5YU6Nq35W-b2BSwYsJ6UbroiUkaICVu3Rz9xkclPn9gCpSbktlplOiLgKtHcvrhtc-FWmZ26UMXbptiwsK8/s200/311px-VOC_duit.jpg" width="103" /></a><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">At the time, it was customary
for a company to be set up only for the duration of a single voyage, and to be
liquidated on the return of the fleet. Investment in these expeditions was a
very high-risk venture, not only because of the usual dangers of piracy,
disease and shipwreck, but also because the interplay of inelastic demand and
relatively elastic supply of spices could make prices tumble at just the wrong
moment, thereby ruining prospects of profitability. To manage such risk the
forming of a cartel to control supply would seem logical. This first occurred
to the English, who bundled their forces into a monopoly enterprise, the East
India Company in 1600, thereby threatening their Dutch competitors with ruin. <br />
<br />
In 1602, the Dutch government followed suit, sponsoring the creation of a
single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted a monopoly
over the Asian trade. The charter of the new company empowered it to build
forts, maintain armies, and conclude treaties with Asian rulers. It provided for
a venture that would continue for 21 years, with a financial accounting only at
the end of each decade.<br />
<br />
In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in
Banten, West Java and in 1611, another was established at Jayakarta (later
'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta'). In 1610, the VOC established the post of
Governor General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia. To advise
and control the risk of despotic Governors General, a Council of the Indies (<i>Raad
van Indië</i>) was created. The Governor General effectively became the main
administrator of the VOC's activities in Asia, although the <i>Heeren XVII</i>,
a body of 17 shareholders representing different chambers, continued to
officially have overall control.<br />
<br />
VOC headquarters were in Ambon for the tenures of the first three Governors
General (1610–1619), but it was not a satisfactory location. Although it was at
the centre of the spice production areas, it was far from the Asian trade
routes and other VOC areas of activity ranging from Africa to Japan. A location
in the west of the archipelago was thus sought; the Straits of Malacca were
strategic, but had become dangerous following the Portuguese conquest and the
first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was controlled by a powerful local
ruler and subject to stiff competition from Chinese and English traders.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Growth</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In 1619, Jan Pieterzoon Coen was appointed
Governor-General of the VOC. He saw the possibility of the VOC becoming an
Asian power, both political and economic. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a
force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta driving out the Banten forces; and
from the ashes established Batavia as the VOC headquarters. In the 1620s almost
the entire native population of the Banda Islands was driven away, starved to
death, or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch plantations. These
plantations were used to grow cloves and nutmeg for export. Coen hoped to
settle large numbers of Dutch colonists in the East Indies, but this part of
his policies never materialized, mainly because very few Dutch were willing to
immigrate to Asia. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Another of Coen's ventures was
more successful. A major problem in the European trade with Asia at the time
was that the Europeans could offer few goods that Asian consumers wanted,
except silver and gold. European traders therefore had to pay for spices with
the precious metals, and this was in short supply in Europe, except for Spain
and Portugal. The Dutch and English had to obtain it by creating a trade
surplus with other European countries. Coen discovered the obvious solution for
the problem: to start an intra-Asiatic trade system, whose profits could be
used to finance the spice trade with Europe. In the long run this obviated the
need for exports of precious metals from Europe, though at first it required
the formation of a large trading-capital fund in the Indies. The VOC reinvested
a large share of its profits to this end in the period up to 1630. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The VOC traded throughout
Asia. Ships coming into Batavia from the Netherlands carried supplies for VOC
settlements in Asia. Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with India
and China for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles. These products were either
traded within Asia for the coveted spices or brought back to Europe. The VOC
was also instrumental in introducing European ideas and technology to Asia. The
Company supported Christian missionaries and traded modern technology with
China and Japan. A more peaceful VOC trade post on Dejima an artificial island
off coast of Nagasaki, was for more than two hundred years the only place where
Europeans were permitted to trade with Japan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In 1640, the VOC obtained the
port of Galle, Ceylon, from the Portuguese and broke the latter's monopoly of
the cinnamon trade. In 1658, Gerard Pietersz Hulft laid siege to Colombo, which
was captured with the help of King Rajasinghe II of Kandy. By 1659, the
Portuguese had been expelled from the coastal regions, which were then occupied
by the VOC, securing for it the monopoly over cinnamon. To prevent the
Portuguese or the English from ever recapturing Sri Lanka, the VOC went on to
conquer the entire Malabar Coast from the Portuguese, almost entirely driving
them from the west coast of India. When news of a peace agreement between
Portugal and the Netherlands reached Asia in 1663, Goa was the only remaining
Portuguese city on the west coast.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In 1652, Jan Van Riebeeck
established an outpost at the Cape of Good Hope (the southwestern tip of
Africa, currently in South Africa) to re-supply VOC ships on their journey to
East Asia. This post later became a full-fledged colony, the Cape Colony, when
more Dutch and other Europeans started to settle there.<br />
VOC trading posts were also established in Persia (now Iran), Bengal (now
Bangladesh, but then part of India), Malacca (Melaka, now in Malaysia), Siam
(now Thailand), mainland China (Canton), Formosa (now Taiwan) and the Malabar
Coast and Coromandel Coast in India. In 1662, however, Koxinga expelled the
Dutch from Taiwan. <br />
<br />
By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with
over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of
10,000 soldiers, and a dividend payment of 40% on the original investment. <br />
Many of the VOC employees inter-mixed with the indigenous peoples and expanded
the Mestizo population of Indos in pre-colonial history.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Reorientation</span><br />
Around 1670, two events caused the growth of VOC trade to stall. In the first
place, the highly profitable trade with Japan started to decline. The loss of
the outpost on Formosa to Koxinga and related internal turmoil in China (where
the Ming dynasty was being replaced with the Qing dynasty) brought an end to
the silk trade after 1666. Though the VOC substituted Bengali for Chinese silk
other forces affected the supply of Japanese silver and gold. The shaogunate
enacted a number of measures to limit the export of these precious metals, in
the process limiting VOC opportunities for trade, and severely worsening the
terms of trade. Therefore, Japan ceased to function as the lynchpin of the
intra-Asiatic trade of the VOC by 1685. <br />
<br />
Even more importantly, the Third Anglo-Dutch War temporarily interrupted VOC
trade with Europe. This caused a spike in the price of pepper, which enticed
the English East India Company (EIC) to aggressively enter this market in the
years after 1672. Previously, one of the tenets of the VOC pricing policy was
to slightly over-supply the pepper market, so as to depress prices below the
level where interlopers were encouraged to enter the market (instead of
striving for short-term profit maximization). The wisdom of such a policy was
illustrated when a fierce price war with the EIC ensued, as that company
flooded the market with new supplies from India. In this struggle for market
share, the VOC (which had much larger financial resources) could wait out the
EIC. Indeed by 1683, the latter came close to bankruptcy; its share price
plummeted from 600 to 250; and its president Josiah Child was temporarily
forced from office.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><br />
<br />
However, the writing was on the wall. Other companies, like the French East
India Company and the Danish East India Company also started to make inroads on
the Dutch system. The VOC therefore closed the heretofore flourishing open
pepper emporium of Bantam by a treaty of 1684 with the Sultan. Also, on the
Coromandel Coast, it moved its chief stronghold from Pulicat to <span style="color: red;">Negapatnam</span>, so as to secure a monopoly on the pepper
trade at the detriment of the French and the Danes. However, the importance of
these traditional commodities in the Asian-European trade was diminishing
rapidly at the time. The military outlays that the VOC needed to make to
enhance its monopoly were not justified by the increased profits of this
declining trade. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfxGNkYLnqeSLSihyRYCArdLQ6tcVGHn4D5a5pLLgAfz9h-rbyc3c_zftMadyxTD5Zhfu-oK_JwgliFX-XHPkFfUccquIMBTOCl1JgTsWzi-Ivi1K3F_thRghLGyH5U5Xbrd3xiWQOGo/s1600/Nagapattinam_ADMK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfxGNkYLnqeSLSihyRYCArdLQ6tcVGHn4D5a5pLLgAfz9h-rbyc3c_zftMadyxTD5Zhfu-oK_JwgliFX-XHPkFfUccquIMBTOCl1JgTsWzi-Ivi1K3F_thRghLGyH5U5Xbrd3xiWQOGo/s320/Nagapattinam_ADMK.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calligraph421 BT;">Negapatnam</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhiPUt3lUbjA6XxQgkp62ieFbgZBeA5Ne4UQOdxpPiRwb_joq1bZ9nKltJRaJSb3_udWJbQti2eif_9-aia1yKzSPL1yDq9L_omHmzavsMczvscjhZuauICdW-q-mOwylc4c8udijmok/s1600/nagapatam_1744.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhiPUt3lUbjA6XxQgkp62ieFbgZBeA5Ne4UQOdxpPiRwb_joq1bZ9nKltJRaJSb3_udWJbQti2eif_9-aia1yKzSPL1yDq9L_omHmzavsMczvscjhZuauICdW-q-mOwylc4c8udijmok/s320/nagapatam_1744.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Negapatnam</span></td></tr>
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Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the
strategic decision to improve its military position on the Malabar Coast
(hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on
its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel
the Zamorin of Calicut to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was
made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the
VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to
improve the Company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the
Zamorin renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this
insurrection temporarily, the Zamorin continued to trade with the English and
the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic.
The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate
the Malabar pepper and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale
down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence.<br />
<br />
The 1741 Battle of Colachel by Nairs of Travancore under Raja Marthanda
Varma was therefore a rearguard action. The Dutch commander Captain
Eustachius De Lannoy was captured. Marthanda Varma agreed to spare the Dutch
captain's life on condition that he joined his army and trained his soldiers on
modern lines. This defeat in the Travancore Dutch War is considered the
earliest example of an organized Asian power overcoming European military
technology and tactics; and it signaled the decline of Dutch power in India. <br />
The attempt to continue as before as a low volume-high profit business
enterprise with its core business in the spice trade had therefore failed. The
Company had however already (reluctantly) followed the example of its European
competitors in diversifying into other Asian commodities, like tea, coffee,
cotton, textiles, and sugar. These commodities provided a lower profit margin
and therefore required a larger sales volume to generate the same amount of
revenue. This structural change in the commodity composition of the VOC's trade
started in the early 1680s, after the temporary collapse of the EIC around 1683
offered an excellent opportunity to enter these markets. The actual cause for
the change lies, however, in two structural features of this new era.</div>
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<br />
In the first place, there was a revolutionary change in the tastes affecting
European demand for Asian textiles, and coffee and tea, around the turn of the
18th century. Secondly, a new era of an abundant supply of capital at low
interest rates suddenly opened around this time. The second factor enabled the
Company to easily finance its expansion in the new areas of commerce. Between
the 1680s and 1720s, the VOC was therefore able to equip and man an appreciable
expansion of its fleet, and acquire a large amount of precious metals to
finance the purchase of large amounts of Asian commodities, for shipment to
Europe. The overall effect was to approximately double the size of the company.
<br />
<br />
The tonnage of the returning ships rose by 125 percent in this period. However,
the Company's revenues from the sale of goods landed in Europe rose by only 78
percent. This reflects the basic change in the VOC's circumstances that had
occurred: it now operated in new markets for goods with an elastic demand, in
which it had to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers. This made for
low profit margins. Unfortunately, the business information systems of the time
made this difficult to discern for the managers of the company, which may
partly explain the mistakes they made from hindsight. This lack of information
might have been counteracted (as in earlier times in the VOC's history) by the
business acumen of the directors. Unfortunately by this time these were almost
exclusively recruited from the political regent class, which had long since
lost its close relationship with merchant circles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic7z0D6ZHul1Er8cFyBBSG3adPH7crSCFWx700bLNT-rwE72z0xvBQbB080GTjIP8ue4XRpvyxOvM7VsNqa95FPLML14bVH89R-9r7O-AuTJZup9_g9pGvfigtGVta7K1LFCJOd5-Dg0A/s1600/Op%252520de%252520rede%252520van%252520Bantam_jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic7z0D6ZHul1Er8cFyBBSG3adPH7crSCFWx700bLNT-rwE72z0xvBQbB080GTjIP8ue4XRpvyxOvM7VsNqa95FPLML14bVH89R-9r7O-AuTJZup9_g9pGvfigtGVta7K1LFCJOd5-Dg0A/s320/Op%252520de%252520rede%252520van%252520Bantam_jpg.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Low profit margins in
themselves don't explain the deterioration of revenues. To a large extent the
costs of the operation of the VOC had a "fixed" character (military
establishments; maintenance of the fleet and such). Profit levels might therefore
have been maintained if the increase in the scale of trading operations that in
fact took place, had resulted in economies of scale. However, though larger
ships transported the growing volume of goods, labor productivity did not go up
sufficiently to realize these. In general the Company's overhead rose in step
with the growth in trade volume; declining gross margins translated directly
into a decline in profitability of the invested capital. The era of expansion
was one of "profitless growth".<br />
<br />
Concretely: The long-term average annual profit in the VOC's 1630-70 'Golden
Age' was 2.1 million guilders, of which just under half was distributed as
dividends and the remainder reinvested. The long-term average annual profit in
the 'Expansion Age' (1680–1730) was 2.0 million guilders, of which
three-quarters was distributed as dividend and one-quarter reinvested. In the
earlier period, profits averaged 18 percent of total revenues; in the latter
period, 10 percent. The annual return of invested capital in the earlier period
stood at approximately 6 percent; in the latter period, 3.4 percent." <br />
Nevertheless, in the eyes of investors the VOC did not do too badly. The share
price hovered consistently around the 400 mark from the mid-1680s (excepting a
hiccup around the Glorious Revolution in 1688), and they reached an all-time
high of around 642 in the 1720s. VOC shares then yielded a return of 3.5
percent, only slightly less than the yield on Dutch government bonds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Decline</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">However, from there on the
fortunes of the VOC started to decline. Five major problems, not all of equal
weight, can be adduced to explain its decline in the next fifty years to 1780. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">There was a
steady erosion of intra-Asiatic trade by changes in the Asiatic political and
economic environment that the VOC could do little about. These factors
gradually squeezed the company out of Persia, Suratte, the Malabar Coast, and
Bengal. The company had to confine its operations to the belt it physically
controlled, from Ceylon through the Indonesian archipelago. The volume of this
intra-Asiatic trade, and its profitability, therefore had to shrink.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The way the
company was organized in Asia (centralized on its hub in Batavia) that
initially had offered advantages in gathering market information, began to
cause disadvantages in the 18th century, because of the inefficiency of first
shipping everything to this central point. This disadvantage was most keenly
felt in the tea trade, where competitors like the EIC and the Ostend Company
shipped directly from China to Europe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The
"venality" of the VOC's personnel (in the sense of corruption and
non-performance of duties), though a problem for all East-India Companies at
the time, seems to have plagued the VOC on a larger scale than its competitors.
To be sure, the company was not a "good employer". Salaries were low,
and "private-account trading" was officially not allowed. Not
surprisingly, it proliferated in the 18th century to the detriment of the
company's performance. From about the 1790s onward, the phrase <i>perished by
corruption</i> (also abbreviated VOC in Dutch) came to summarize the company's
future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">A problem
that the VOC shared with other companies was the high mortality and morbidity
rates among its employees. This decimated the company's ranks and enervated
many of the survivors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">A
self-inflicted wound was the VOC's dividend policy. The dividends distributed
by the company had exceeded the surplus it garnered in <i>Europe</i> in every
decade but one (1710–1720) from 1690 to 1760. However, in the period up to 1730
the directors shipped resources to Asia to build up the trading capital there.
Consolidated bookkeeping therefore probably would have shown that total profits
exceeded dividends. In addition, between 1700 and 1740 the company retired 5.4
million guilders of long-term debt. The company therefore was still on a secure
financial footing in these years. This changed after 1730. While profits
plummeted the directors only slightly decreased dividends from the earlier
level. Distributed dividends were therefore in excess of earnings in every
decade but one (1760–1770). To accomplish this, the Asian capital stock had to
be drawn down by 4 million guilders between 1730 and 1780, and the liquid
capital available in Europe was reduced by 20 million guilders in the same
period. The directors were therefore constrained to replenish the company's
liquidity by resorting to short-term financing from anticipatory loans, backed
by expected revenues from home-bound fleets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Despite of all this, the VOC
in 1780 remained an enormous operation. Its capital in the Republic, consisting
of ships and goods in inventory, totaled 28 million guilders; its capital in
Asia, consisting of the liquid trading fund and goods en route to Europe,
totaled 46 million guilders. Total capital, net of outstanding debt, stood at
62 million guilders. The prospects of the company at this time therefore need
not have been hopeless, had one of the many plans to reform it been taken
successfully in hand. However, then the Fourth Anglo Dutch War intervened.
British attacks in Europe and Asia reduced the VOC fleet by half; removed
valuable cargo from its control; and devastated its remaining power in Asia.
The direct losses of the VOC can be calculated at 43 million guilders. Loans to
keep the company operating reduced its net assets to zero. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">From 1720 on, the market for
sugar from Indonesia declined as the competition from cheap sugar from Brazil
increased. European markets became saturated. Dozens of Chinese sugar traders
went bankrupt which led to massive unemployment, which in turn led to gangs of
unemployed coolies. The Dutch government in Batavia did not adequately respond
to these problems. In 1740, rumors of deportation of the gangs from the Batavia
area led to widespread rioting. The Dutch military searched houses of Chinese
in Batavia searching for weapons. When a house accidentally burnt down,
military and impoverished citizens started slaughtering and pillaging the
Chinese community. This massacre of the Chinese was deemed sufficiently serious
for the board of the VOC to start an official investigation into the Government
of the Dutch East Indies for the first time in its history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">After the Fourth Anglo-Dutch
War, the VOC was a financial wreck, and after vain attempts by the provincial
States of Holland and Zeeland to reorganize it, was nationalized on 1 March
1796 by the new Batavian Republic. Its charter was renewed several times, but
allowed to expire on 31 December 1800. Most of the possessions of the former
VOC were subsequently occupied by Great Britain during the Napoleonic wars, but
after the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by the Congress of
Vienna, some of these were restored to this successor state of the old Dutch
Republic by the Anglo Dutch Treaty of 1814.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The
Wright family, owners of Voyager Estate in Margaret River Western Australia,
acquired the VOC name and trademark in 1995. </span></span></span><br />Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-18895386280810741352012-11-02T00:07:00.000+01:002012-12-16T19:20:14.293+01:00(8) The VOC period<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-VdyvBlhDEsGVWHssdMRRLYgkKdjlbG0pZ2CQZ7I_0QMpaFLhJrPzgIL1UpmxfQrEhzmV9Vobl2Ib0jP9BZUWvEq_BHE22CiJjqcrmAnoDgi8VSg_wzEpXLNdnsVjTt9dekYDVLqeWiY/s1600/inleiding_clip_image002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-VdyvBlhDEsGVWHssdMRRLYgkKdjlbG0pZ2CQZ7I_0QMpaFLhJrPzgIL1UpmxfQrEhzmV9Vobl2Ib0jP9BZUWvEq_BHE22CiJjqcrmAnoDgi8VSg_wzEpXLNdnsVjTt9dekYDVLqeWiY/s320/inleiding_clip_image002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dutch East India Company</span> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #83736a; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Dutch</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">: <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Vereenigde
Oost-Indische Compagnie</span></i>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">VOC</span>,
"United East India Company") was a chartered company established in
1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly
to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the second multinational
corporation in the world (the British East India Company was founded two years
earlier) and the first company to issue stock. It was also arguably the first
mega corporation, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability
to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, coin money, and
establish colonies. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Statistically, the VOC
eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asia trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC
sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships, and
netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods. By
contrast, the rest of Europe combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to
1795, and the fleet of the English (later British) East India Company,
the VOC’s nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic
with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC.
The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through most of the 17th
century. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Having been set up in 1602, to
profit from the Malukan spice trade, in 1619 the VOC established a capital in
the port city of Batavia (now Jakarta). Over the next two centuries the Company
acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by
taking over surrounding territory. It remained an important trading concern and
paid an 18% annual dividend for almost 200 years.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Weighed down by corruption in
the late 18th century, the Company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in
1800, its possessions and the debt being taken over by the government of the
Dutch Batavian Republic. The VOC's territories became the Dutch East Indies and
were expanded over the course of the 19th century to include the whole of the
Indonesian archipelago, and in the 20th century would form Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmzVRCK_EI5sCcdgF8PZB3lo-GxbIr8v1s4YbfHyeRMlNzFJayuIOl1n4Vxh_c9x6jvdJStCeHCpEhU7McS_LiJM38_gAF-pKyXObEnCH3b1cdtC9cynhR9a5wLG_SJ4dBXpOI3PX-y8U/s1600/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmzVRCK_EI5sCcdgF8PZB3lo-GxbIr8v1s4YbfHyeRMlNzFJayuIOl1n4Vxh_c9x6jvdJStCeHCpEhU7McS_LiJM38_gAF-pKyXObEnCH3b1cdtC9cynhR9a5wLG_SJ4dBXpOI3PX-y8U/s320/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Batavia (1620)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span> </span></span> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<br /></div>
Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-36465506962444363852012-11-02T00:05:00.000+01:002012-12-16T19:20:10.723+01:00(7) Ship ‘t Huys ten Donck – 1745<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKyU2W8kQGU_EKMFb_p7mWWwmmVavWtnyS4G8yvToh9gdEyjY5c41afSL3fuJ5tpttDJOf2LlawC1QVYV__amqYFBMdRTSOQmKRLZoXsqr0YMda-13dqHcgdsbpnMtrZh1_bccg3j0x6I/s1600/voc-schip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKyU2W8kQGU_EKMFb_p7mWWwmmVavWtnyS4G8yvToh9gdEyjY5c41afSL3fuJ5tpttDJOf2LlawC1QVYV__amqYFBMdRTSOQmKRLZoXsqr0YMda-13dqHcgdsbpnMtrZh1_bccg3j0x6I/s1600/voc-schip.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Named after Huis ten Donk in Ridderkerk the
Netherlands. Otto Groeninx, at that time owner of the estate was governor since
1740 of the Rotterdam chamber. The ship was built at a shipyard in Rotterdam
and used by the VOC from 1745 to 1770. The ship had a load capacity of 875
tonnes and a lenght of 136 feet (appr. 42 mtrs). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The ship was in 1763 part of an additional equipage of seven ships (Giesenburg,
Lekkerland, Duinenburg, Huis Ten Donk, Gouveneur-Generaal, Schagen
and Stralen), along with the first set equipage of 26 vessels, of which 5 were
destinated for Ceylon. These ships were to take as many soldiers because of the
war with King of Kandy.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="hps"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="hps alt-edited"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "AR ESSENCE"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><div style="text-align: right;">
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1763. The place of departure was Goeree via Cape of Good Hope with destination
Batavia. The name of the skipper was Frederik Wielard. The crew of Ship Huys ten Donck consisted of 231 to 304 soldiers.</span><br />
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Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-46250811497847258962012-11-01T23:33:00.000+01:002012-12-16T19:20:06.721+01:00(6) Jacques Bernadin Beaugeois 1737-1750-1783<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Bernadin Beaugeois 1737-1750-1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Bernadin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> <span style="color: blue;">Beaugeois</span> the
only child of 5 brothers and sisters that the fatal diseases at birth managed
to overcome was born May 20th, 1712 moved from Hesdin to Dunkirk Fr. He married
October 3<sup>rd</sup>, 1737 in Dunkirk Fr. <span style="color: blue;">Catherine
Petronille van Torre(n).</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Catherine
Petronille was born in Dunkirk May 31<sup>st</sup>, 1708. Daughter of Jean van
Torre(n) and Josifine Alfroet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Bernadin signed on as
a soldier in the 1763*. He was aboard the Ship ‘t Huys ten Donck. Sailing for
the Chambers of Rotterdam (#276). This is also the period that the name
Beaugeois was displayed as Bourgois or Bougois. Jacques carried back and forth
Batavia, Makassar and Nagapattinam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Per month he pays a fix amount
of his wages to his wife Catherine (Catharijna) Petronille (Petronella) van
Torre. This amount was paid anchored off in Rotterdam until she died. Jacques
Bernadin was probably at that period not in the Netherlands. He died August 17<sup>th</sup>,
1783 in Batavia. Catherine Petronille died December 17<sup>th</sup> , 1783. Her
death was reported by ship "de Vrijheid" to India. After she died his
legacy was (minus already paid funeral expenses for his wife) paid to his
daughter Marie Josepha Beaugeois (Beaugoij), on behalf of the joint children.<br />
<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jacques Bernadin Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and <span style="color: blue;">Catherine Petronille van Torre</span>
has given birth to 6 children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">*) As all their children were born in Dunkirk I assume 1760-1763 must
have been the years the family “emigrated” to Dordrecht the Netherlands. He
was said to have been the first Beaugeois who settled in Dordrecht the Netherlands.
Jacques was not often in the Netherlands. In 1770 the Beaugeois family lived
in the “Raamstraat” in Dordrecht. </span><span style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">At her death
in 1783 Catherine Petronille lived in “de kleine Spuitstraat” in Dordrecht the Netherlands.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kleine Spuistraat Dordrecht The Netherlands<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmugZ2k2uusKFHLdNEirJ6Jm1v4ue3shOe8VjThYBei3AZretKKU_I8LFOtaDEm9Db2jnnZfPpicmzFqGsRwe11Nv0usH3BBC-xyLCSZaWGfpNmjw9I-q8Hbaq0JLDwRvO7oUg0vAlV8/s1600/raamstr2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmugZ2k2uusKFHLdNEirJ6Jm1v4ue3shOe8VjThYBei3AZretKKU_I8LFOtaDEm9Db2jnnZfPpicmzFqGsRwe11Nv0usH3BBC-xyLCSZaWGfpNmjw9I-q8Hbaq0JLDwRvO7oUg0vAlV8/s1600/raamstr2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Raamstraat Dordrecht The Netherlands<br />
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Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-72712872844160466102012-10-28T14:00:00.001+01:002012-12-16T19:19:57.357+01:00(5) Birth and death of six<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The timeline starts with the year 1706 </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: David; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1706 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: David; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In the year 1706 </span>was born the first member of the Beaugeois family </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Francois Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> <span style="background: white;">Son</span> of <span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jacques Beaugeois</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>and<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="color: red;">Marie Francoise Rambure</span></span>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> His birthplace was Hesdin. He died at age 5 in Hesdin on July 4<sup>th</sup>, 1711.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1709 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In the year 1709, June 20<sup>th</sup> was born </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Joseph Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. Son of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">and<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Francoise Rambure</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> His birthplace was Hesdin. He died at unknown date.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1710 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In the year 1710, September 19<sup>th</sup> was born </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Pierre Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. Son of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">and<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Francoise Rambure</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">His birthplace was Hesdin. He died 9 months after birth and 3 days after the death of his brother</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Francois</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">.</span></i><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">†</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1711 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Francois Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> died on July 4<sup>th</sup> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the age of 5 and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Pierre Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> died on July 7<sup>th</sup> in Hesdin 9 months after birth.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1712</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">A special year, the birth of twins………<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In the year 1712, May 20<sup>th</sup> was born </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Barbe Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> Daughter </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> Marie Francoise Rambure</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Her birthplace was Hesdin. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Barbe Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><span style="color: black;"> </span>died 9 months after birth March 8<sup>th</sup> , 1713.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In the year 1712, May 20<sup>th</sup> was born</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Bernadin Beaugeois</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Son of </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">and</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> Marie Francoise Rambure</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. H</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">is birthplace was Hesdin.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jacques</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Bernadin Beaugeois</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the only child who not prematurely passed away and was able to ensure descendants.</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">†</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1713</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1716</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">In the year 1716, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>June 6<sup>th</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was born </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Barbe Louise Jeanne Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. Daughter </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Francoise Rambure.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> Her birthplace was Hesdin. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Barbe Louise Jeanne</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: NL;">died February 28<sup>th</sup> in Hesdin 8 months after birth.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">†</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1717</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span>Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-20438254867910215492012-10-21T19:03:00.000+02:002012-12-16T19:19:47.603+01:00(4) A harsh time<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJGrETjWOXxUYvm_-nP58qb_CCcW2gEIMBvDg4gQxtCfpNIx9aQpdon0ZFNk9CsPKvoBOQYb962_y8p7HolhJwFj3nOjBPggw2VxcJiTCXf0RR3XrKnMvXZiUMP3gTojOc2bg4XN-sDRA/s1600/Im.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJGrETjWOXxUYvm_-nP58qb_CCcW2gEIMBvDg4gQxtCfpNIx9aQpdon0ZFNk9CsPKvoBOQYb962_y8p7HolhJwFj3nOjBPggw2VxcJiTCXf0RR3XrKnMvXZiUMP3gTojOc2bg4XN-sDRA/s200/Im.jpg" width="161" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">Marie</span> <span style="color: blue;">Francoise Rambure</span></b> gave birth to six children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">It was a harsh time, fatal disease*, bacteria and the lack of reliable food source was quite prevalent, and infant mortality rates were extremely high. Young children were not expected to live very long. In the 18th Century France, for instance, between 20 and 50 percent of all infants died** within the first year after birth. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calligraph421 BT;"></span><o:p><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">*Smallpox was 'endemic'
throughout Europe – meaning it was a constant presence. When the virus reached
a dense population with low immunity, it became 'epidemic', and a major
outbreak occurred. Epidemics were cyclical; with each passing generation, as
immunity levels dropped, epidemics recurred. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Four hundred thousand
people died each year from smallpox in Europe during the 18th century.</span></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">**Nowadays the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in the same year is 3,37 deaths.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Families of the 1600’s and 1700’s may have valued children for their role in inheritance, but children clearly didn't elicit the same kind of sentiment that they elicit from adults today. People commonly believed, therefore, that if they wanted only a few children, they should have many more in order to "hedge their bets". Parents couldn't allow themselves to get too emotionally attached to something that was seen as a probable loss. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Some even referred to their infant as "it" until the child reached an age at which survival was likely. At that time, the death of a baby was probably not the emotional tragedy that it is today. When an infant died he or she was likely to be buried almost anywhere on the premises, like a pet cat or dog. Even the dead children of the rich were sometimes treated as paupers, their bodies sewn into sacks and thrown into common graves.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Four of their six children died after birth within the first year. One child reached the age of 5. Only one child, </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Bernadin Beaugeois</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>born </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">1712 May 20<sup>th</sup>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> s</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">urvived and played an important role in the inheritance and offspring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-83049373132078785382012-10-21T18:54:00.001+02:002012-12-16T19:19:38.996+01:00(3) 1680 The earliest known ancestor<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Calligraph421 BT;"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The earliest known ancestor </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">lived in Hesdin, </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a fief of the </span><span style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Artois" title="Counts of Artois"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">counts of Artois</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a </span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">locksmith</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">and married to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Francoise Rambure</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques Beaugeois</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"> was born on May 8th, 1684. His parents were Jacques Beaujois (deceased May 2nd, 1693) and Antoinette Doudain.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Antoinette must have been born around 1640 as daughter of Pierre Cordier and Jaqueline Doudain ( date of marriage July 18th, 1660.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Antoinette Doudain is later named Cordier (the name of the grandmother of Jacques Cordier in place of the name of the mother Doudain).</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Source: CEGP7V Centre d”etudes Genealogiques du Pays de 7 Vallees. Mairie F-62140 HESDIN (Mr.Patrick Warin). Capelle lès Hesdin registers a town 6 miles south of Hesdin.</span><br />
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<td class="xl64" colspan="22" height="31" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px rgb(51, 51, 51); height: 23.25pt; mso-ignore: colspan;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span> </td>
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<br /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Jacques married at about the age 25 in 1705 </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Francoise Rambure</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Marie Francoise was born about 1682 in Hesdin. Unfortunately it is not known who her parents are. Investigations of other relatives named Rambure have so far been unsuccessful.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-39011852028360659232012-10-21T17:42:00.001+02:002012-12-16T19:19:30.106+01:00(2) Hesdin – France<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6pPiZWngMw2_v-J7Q4xCdD0zQ9COClvoWsL0AthHQK7ZGcLGzKUPksHuXvW75SXZVJnatso2_2EdGzhc4dZ-NTaQmYjUKqbirOSNXULDrggfR-dA0opPjuK8Q6XDCW_QhzSlWniWlWs/s1600/RIJK04_RP-P-OB-83_034-70_X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6pPiZWngMw2_v-J7Q4xCdD0zQ9COClvoWsL0AthHQK7ZGcLGzKUPksHuXvW75SXZVJnatso2_2EdGzhc4dZ-NTaQmYjUKqbirOSNXULDrggfR-dA0opPjuK8Q6XDCW_QhzSlWniWlWs/s320/RIJK04_RP-P-OB-83_034-70_X.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hesdin
was a fief of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Artois" title="Counts of Artois"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">counts of Artois</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vassals
of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Counts of Flanders</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> until
1180. When </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Flanders" title="Philip of Flanders"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Philip, count of Flanders</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> gave </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois" title="Artois"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Artois</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as dowry to his niece </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_Hainault" title="Isabel de Hainault"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Isabel de Hainault</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> when she
married </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Augustus_of_France" title="Philip Augustus of France"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Philip Augustus of France</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in 1180,
Hesdin and the other seigneuries passed to France. <span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hesdin in the Northwest of France was founded in 1554 by Charles V. In the sixteenth century the city played an important role in the wars between France and the Spanish Netherlands, which was part of the Spanish Kingdom. </span>Though subsequently the
territory passed to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" title="Dukes of Burgundy"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dukes of Burgundy</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Hesdin remained one of a
handful of French strongholds, until in 1553 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Charles_V" title="Holy Roman Emperor Charles V"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Emperor Charles V</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ordered
the utter destruction of the old fortified town on a rise of ground and built
the present town the following year, some 6 kilometers (3.7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mi) from the original site, on the banks of the
Canche.<br />
In 1639 the French laid </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege" title="Siege"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siege</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to Hesdin and under </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" title="Louis XIII of France"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Louis XIII</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, it was
recaptured for France.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calligraph421 BT;"></span><br />
Du Siege De Hesdin 1639 / <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">siege of</span> <span class="hps">Hesdin 1639</span><br />
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Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7349493853287361544.post-76629161973425598582012-10-14T21:25:00.000+02:002012-12-16T19:19:13.885+01:00(1) What's in a name<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What's in
a name - the journey starts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dear namesakes....... what's in a name?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whether your name is </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beaugeois-Beaujois-Beaugois-Boosuwa-Bosua-Bozuwa-Bozua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> we can conclude that we are all family and descended
from the same ancestors.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Often, the first and last name was phonetically
registered. So Beaugeois changed in over 300 years in
<em>Beaugois-Boosuwa-Bosua-Bozuwa-Bozua</em>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With this blog I will attempt to make a journey
through time. Starting with the first known ancestor <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Beaugeois</b> in 1684 to the present. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In short a journey through time.........</span><span class="hps"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> From</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calligraph421 BT"; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> the town Hesdin <span class="hps">France to the Netherlands</span>
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">further</span> <span class="hps">spread
across the</span> <span class="hps">world.</span></span><br />
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<br />Ruud Bozuahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03989751146660647059noreply@blogger.com3